The Pros And Cons Of LNG - 959 Words

Like other fossil fuels, liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a point of controversy in Canada. For the West Coast in particular, the processing and exporting of LNG is a complicated issue that has amassed both significant support and opposition. Steelhead LNG’s proposed natural gas liquefaction plant for the Bamberton site is one such project that has been affected by a downturn in the LNG market, increased opposition by environmentalists, and legal setbacks. Even with an export permit approved by the National Energy Board and a contract with the Malahat Nation, the possibility of the project moving into the development stage is diminishing. Due to the economic, environmental, and legal issues, the proposed Malahat LNG project is unlikely to†¦show more content†¦Due to the fact that power of the municipal governments is delegated from the province, they do not have the authority over LNG projects . First Nations also have the legal right to be consulted over any Crown proj ect that may adversely affect their treaty and non-treaty rights . The Malahat LNG project will have to go through the approval processes of both the federal and provincial governments and meet all of the consultation obligations to the First Nations before it can move forward. Liquefied natural gas has garnered both substantial support and extensive opposition. The BC Liberal party has promoted LNG. In 2013, then BC Premier Christy Clark announced the establishment of the BC Prosperity Fund, which would create new jobs and decrease the provincial debt through the development of LNG projects. The BC Green Party leader Andrew Weaver has been vocal against LNG, worrying that the development of projects like this will significantly set BC back in terms of decreasing its carbon emissions. The recently elected BC NDP government has stated that that it will â€Å"increase the environmental obligations for LNG companies that want to do business in the province,† meaning that the NDP’s will conditionally be supporting LNG projects. There are currently disparities between the First Nations communities along the Saanich Peninsula in regards to the Malahat LNG project. The Malahat Nation supports the project, and isShow MoreRelatedComparative Analysis Of Gtl And Lng As Gas Utilization1565 Words   |  7 PagesCOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GTL AND LNG AS GAS UTILIZATION OPTION which was done as part of my graduation B.Eng. in Petroleum Engineering, at Federal University of Technology, Owerri, in the duration of 2007- 2011. Chronology: XXXX-XXXX Name of the Organization: Federal University of Technology Geographical Location: Owerri, Nigeria. Project Title: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GTL AND LNG AS GAS UTILIZATION OPTION Position: Student Trainee Background CE 2.2 Over the years, pipelines and LNG have been the two majorRead MoreEthical And Moral Aspects Of Unethical Practices1641 Words   |  7 Pagescorporations involved. Background According to an article by George and Lacey, it started in 1994 when the joint venture of Halliburton, TSKJ, entered into a series of contracts to construct and expand the liquefied natural gas project for Nigeria LNG Limited at Bonny Island in Rivers State. It is alleged that TSKJ through its joint venture in Nigeria paid Tri Star Investments (a firm headed by a British lawyer, Jeffery Tesler) $180 million which was passed on to Nigerian public officials throughRead MoreStrategic International Trade Operations Essay5253 Words   |  22 Pages------------------------------------------------- Assignment 2 Expansion strategies applying into Japanese LNG market ------------------------------------------------- Assignment 2 Expansion strategies applying into Japanese LNG market BEO3517 Strategic International Trade Practice BEO3517 Strategic International Trade Practice Table of Contents Introduction 1 The level of economic activity and demographics of Japan which is relevant to the expansion 2 Demographics of JapanRead MoreSustainable Environment; Engineering Solutions Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pagesmethanol fuel being used is M-85, which is made up of 85 percent methanol and 15 percent gasoline. Alternatively, natural gas is in gaseous form. It can be stored in a vehicle tank either in a compressed gaseous state (CNG) or in a liquefied state (LNG). Last but not least, is the hybrid-electric vehicle, which is combined internal combustion engine with electric motor. It can be operated by battery that is charged by internal combustion engine. Evaluation: There are many benefits and disadvantagesRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Ship Training1261 Words   |  6 Pagesexplains how the practice should take place and where the border between getting real-life knowledge and objective evidence in the form of the certificate lies. A Rapid increase in the number and tonnage of certain types of merchant vessels (VLCC, LNG, High-Speed Car Carrier, Mega-Containership etc.) causes vital problems for maritime safety by the lack of the experienced crew members, and especially officers for such type of vessels. It is the company s responsibility to make sure that the onboardRead MoreThe Future Of Natural Gas And Crude Oil4009 Words   |  17 Pageswas in 1950. Fracking increases every year around the world. We started producing gas in big amounts each year, which will affect our daily basis and is going to lead us to consume a lot of gas and oil each year. However, the fracking method has pros and cons on the worldwide range because it increases the seismic activity by making huge fractures into the rock and that results in faults. Fracking is under a high regulation on some countries whereas it’s been forbidden in others. Due to the low permeabilityRead MoreLotus Rental Car Essay2309 Words   |  10 Pagesof diesel fuel that is produced from vegetable oils. This type of fuel not only produces fewer pollutants than normal diesel fuel, but also be reused and filtered. Natural gas is used in two forms to fuel vehicles: compressed (CNG) or liquefied (LNG). CNG is the type used for passenger vehicles, which can run on CNG alone, or have a bi-fueling system that uses both CNG and gasoline (greenerchoices, 2006). While there are various alternative fuels, access to alternative fuels should be a considerationRead MoreThe Effect Of Unconventional Gas Expansion On Energy Economy3233 Words   |  13 Pagesmore heavily on long-term contracts with price terms based on a mix of competing fuels, e.g., fuel oil. †¢ Asia uses crude oil as a benchmark for natural gas prices and favours long-term contracts. Japan and Korea almost totally dependent on imported LNG. This dependence places a high premium on security of supply and has kept prices in Asia high relative to other regions (Suà ¡rez, 2012). Despite the two different trading methods between gas and oil, historically it has been noticed that the trend inRead MoreLiving in the Environment 16th Edition Chapter Review and Vocabulary6220 Words   |  25 Pagesresource? 5. Discuss two pros and two cons of drilling for oil in Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. 6. What is oil sand or tar sand and how is it extracted and converted to heavy oil? What is shale oil and how is it produced? What are two major advantages and two major disadvantages of using heavy oils produced from oil sand and oil shales as energy resources? 7. What is the difference between natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG)? What are three major Read MoreIndia s Impact On The Economy2530 Words   |  11 PagesIndia is a standout amongst the mossycup oak populous nations on the globe. A nation for example, such that india countenances a considerable measure about issues when it goes of the matter for vitality security, populace need it’s own sets for pros Also cons,. The thing that the planet apprehensions may be a worldwide vitality Chrysis which Might bring divesting comes about on the Different countries Also associations on the reality particularly creating nations for example, india might be effected

The Pros And Cons Of LNG - 959 Words

Like other fossil fuels, liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a point of controversy in Canada. For the West Coast in particular, the processing and exporting of LNG is a complicated issue that has amassed both significant support and opposition. Steelhead LNG’s proposed natural gas liquefaction plant for the Bamberton site is one such project that has been affected by a downturn in the LNG market, increased opposition by environmentalists, and legal setbacks. Even with an export permit approved by the National Energy Board and a contract with the Malahat Nation, the possibility of the project moving into the development stage is diminishing. Due to the economic, environmental, and legal issues, the proposed Malahat LNG project is unlikely to†¦show more content†¦Due to the fact that power of the municipal governments is delegated from the province, they do not have the authority over LNG projects . First Nations also have the legal right to be consulted over any Crown proj ect that may adversely affect their treaty and non-treaty rights . The Malahat LNG project will have to go through the approval processes of both the federal and provincial governments and meet all of the consultation obligations to the First Nations before it can move forward. Liquefied natural gas has garnered both substantial support and extensive opposition. The BC Liberal party has promoted LNG. In 2013, then BC Premier Christy Clark announced the establishment of the BC Prosperity Fund, which would create new jobs and decrease the provincial debt through the development of LNG projects. The BC Green Party leader Andrew Weaver has been vocal against LNG, worrying that the development of projects like this will significantly set BC back in terms of decreasing its carbon emissions. The recently elected BC NDP government has stated that that it will â€Å"increase the environmental obligations for LNG companies that want to do business in the province,† meaning that the NDP’s will conditionally be supporting LNG projects. There are currently disparities between the First Nations communities along the Saanich Peninsula in regards to the Malahat LNG project. The Malahat Nation supports the project, and isShow MoreRelatedComparative Analysis Of Gtl And Lng As Gas Utilization1565 Words   |  7 PagesCOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GTL AND LNG AS GAS UTILIZATION OPTION which was done as part of my graduation B.Eng. in Petroleum Engineering, at Federal University of Technology, Owerri, in the duration of 2007- 2011. Chronology: XXXX-XXXX Name of the Organization: Federal University of Technology Geographical Location: Owerri, Nigeria. Project Title: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GTL AND LNG AS GAS UTILIZATION OPTION Position: Student Trainee Background CE 2.2 Over the years, pipelines and LNG have been the two majorRead MoreEthical And Moral Aspects Of Unethical Practices1641 Words   |  7 Pagescorporations involved. Background According to an article by George and Lacey, it started in 1994 when the joint venture of Halliburton, TSKJ, entered into a series of contracts to construct and expand the liquefied natural gas project for Nigeria LNG Limited at Bonny Island in Rivers State. It is alleged that TSKJ through its joint venture in Nigeria paid Tri Star Investments (a firm headed by a British lawyer, Jeffery Tesler) $180 million which was passed on to Nigerian public officials throughRead MoreStrategic International Trade Operations Essay5253 Words   |  22 Pages------------------------------------------------- Assignment 2 Expansion strategies applying into Japanese LNG market ------------------------------------------------- Assignment 2 Expansion strategies applying into Japanese LNG market BEO3517 Strategic International Trade Practice BEO3517 Strategic International Trade Practice Table of Contents Introduction 1 The level of economic activity and demographics of Japan which is relevant to the expansion 2 Demographics of JapanRead MoreSustainable Environment; Engineering Solutions Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pagesmethanol fuel being used is M-85, which is made up of 85 percent methanol and 15 percent gasoline. Alternatively, natural gas is in gaseous form. It can be stored in a vehicle tank either in a compressed gaseous state (CNG) or in a liquefied state (LNG). Last but not least, is the hybrid-electric vehicle, which is combined internal combustion engine with electric motor. It can be operated by battery that is charged by internal combustion engine. Evaluation: There are many benefits and disadvantagesRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Ship Training1261 Words   |  6 Pagesexplains how the practice should take place and where the border between getting real-life knowledge and objective evidence in the form of the certificate lies. A Rapid increase in the number and tonnage of certain types of merchant vessels (VLCC, LNG, High-Speed Car Carrier, Mega-Containership etc.) causes vital problems for maritime safety by the lack of the experienced crew members, and especially officers for such type of vessels. It is the company s responsibility to make sure that the onboardRead MoreThe Future Of Natural Gas And Crude Oil4009 Words   |  17 Pageswas in 1950. Fracking increases every year around the world. We started producing gas in big amounts each year, which will affect our daily basis and is going to lead us to consume a lot of gas and oil each year. However, the fracking method has pros and cons on the worldwide range because it increases the seismic activity by making huge fractures into the rock and that results in faults. Fracking is under a high regulation on some countries whereas it’s been forbidden in others. Due to the low permeabilityRead MoreLotus Rental Car Essay2309 Words   |  10 Pagesof diesel fuel that is produced from vegetable oils. This type of fuel not only produces fewer pollutants than normal diesel fuel, but also be reused and filtered. Natural gas is used in two forms to fuel vehicles: compressed (CNG) or liquefied (LNG). CNG is the type used for passenger vehicles, which can run on CNG alone, or have a bi-fueling system that uses both CNG and gasoline (greenerchoices, 2006). While there are various alternative fuels, access to alternative fuels should be a considerationRead MoreThe Effect Of Unconventional Gas Expansion On Energy Economy3233 Words   |  13 Pagesmore heavily on long-term contracts with price terms based on a mix of competing fuels, e.g., fuel oil. †¢ Asia uses crude oil as a benchmark for natural gas prices and favours long-term contracts. Japan and Korea almost totally dependent on imported LNG. This dependence places a high premium on security of supply and has kept prices in Asia high relative to other regions (Suà ¡rez, 2012). Despite the two different trading methods between gas and oil, historically it has been noticed that the trend inRead MoreLiving in the Environment 16th Edition Chapter Review and Vocabulary6220 Words   |  25 Pagesresource? 5. Discuss two pros and two cons of drilling for oil in Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. 6. What is oil sand or tar sand and how is it extracted and converted to heavy oil? What is shale oil and how is it produced? What are two major advantages and two major disadvantages of using heavy oils produced from oil sand and oil shales as energy resources? 7. What is the difference between natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG)? What are three major Read MoreIndia s Impact On The Economy2530 Words   |  11 PagesIndia is a standout amongst the mossycup oak populous nations on the globe. A nation for example, such that india countenances a considerable measure about issues when it goes of the matter for vitality security, populace need it’s own sets for pros Also cons,. The thing that the planet apprehensions may be a worldwide vitality Chrysis which Might bring divesting comes about on the Different countries Also associations on the reality particularly creating nations for example, india might be effected

The Pros And Cons Of LNG - 959 Words

Like other fossil fuels, liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a point of controversy in Canada. For the West Coast in particular, the processing and exporting of LNG is a complicated issue that has amassed both significant support and opposition. Steelhead LNG’s proposed natural gas liquefaction plant for the Bamberton site is one such project that has been affected by a downturn in the LNG market, increased opposition by environmentalists, and legal setbacks. Even with an export permit approved by the National Energy Board and a contract with the Malahat Nation, the possibility of the project moving into the development stage is diminishing. Due to the economic, environmental, and legal issues, the proposed Malahat LNG project is unlikely to†¦show more content†¦Due to the fact that power of the municipal governments is delegated from the province, they do not have the authority over LNG projects . First Nations also have the legal right to be consulted over any Crown proj ect that may adversely affect their treaty and non-treaty rights . The Malahat LNG project will have to go through the approval processes of both the federal and provincial governments and meet all of the consultation obligations to the First Nations before it can move forward. Liquefied natural gas has garnered both substantial support and extensive opposition. The BC Liberal party has promoted LNG. In 2013, then BC Premier Christy Clark announced the establishment of the BC Prosperity Fund, which would create new jobs and decrease the provincial debt through the development of LNG projects. The BC Green Party leader Andrew Weaver has been vocal against LNG, worrying that the development of projects like this will significantly set BC back in terms of decreasing its carbon emissions. The recently elected BC NDP government has stated that that it will â€Å"increase the environmental obligations for LNG companies that want to do business in the province,† meaning that the NDP’s will conditionally be supporting LNG projects. There are currently disparities between the First Nations communities along the Saanich Peninsula in regards to the Malahat LNG project. The Malahat Nation supports the project, and isShow MoreRelatedComparative Analysis Of Gtl And Lng As Gas Utilization1565 Words   |  7 PagesCOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GTL AND LNG AS GAS UTILIZATION OPTION which was done as part of my graduation B.Eng. in Petroleum Engineering, at Federal University of Technology, Owerri, in the duration of 2007- 2011. Chronology: XXXX-XXXX Name of the Organization: Federal University of Technology Geographical Location: Owerri, Nigeria. Project Title: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GTL AND LNG AS GAS UTILIZATION OPTION Position: Student Trainee Background CE 2.2 Over the years, pipelines and LNG have been the two majorRead MoreEthical And Moral Aspects Of Unethical Practices1641 Words   |  7 Pagescorporations involved. Background According to an article by George and Lacey, it started in 1994 when the joint venture of Halliburton, TSKJ, entered into a series of contracts to construct and expand the liquefied natural gas project for Nigeria LNG Limited at Bonny Island in Rivers State. It is alleged that TSKJ through its joint venture in Nigeria paid Tri Star Investments (a firm headed by a British lawyer, Jeffery Tesler) $180 million which was passed on to Nigerian public officials throughRead MoreStrategic International Trade Operations Essay5253 Words   |  22 Pages------------------------------------------------- Assignment 2 Expansion strategies applying into Japanese LNG market ------------------------------------------------- Assignment 2 Expansion strategies applying into Japanese LNG market BEO3517 Strategic International Trade Practice BEO3517 Strategic International Trade Practice Table of Contents Introduction 1 The level of economic activity and demographics of Japan which is relevant to the expansion 2 Demographics of JapanRead MoreSustainable Environment; Engineering Solutions Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pagesmethanol fuel being used is M-85, which is made up of 85 percent methanol and 15 percent gasoline. Alternatively, natural gas is in gaseous form. It can be stored in a vehicle tank either in a compressed gaseous state (CNG) or in a liquefied state (LNG). Last but not least, is the hybrid-electric vehicle, which is combined internal combustion engine with electric motor. It can be operated by battery that is charged by internal combustion engine. Evaluation: There are many benefits and disadvantagesRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Ship Training1261 Words   |  6 Pagesexplains how the practice should take place and where the border between getting real-life knowledge and objective evidence in the form of the certificate lies. A Rapid increase in the number and tonnage of certain types of merchant vessels (VLCC, LNG, High-Speed Car Carrier, Mega-Containership etc.) causes vital problems for maritime safety by the lack of the experienced crew members, and especially officers for such type of vessels. It is the company s responsibility to make sure that the onboardRead MoreThe Future Of Natural Gas And Crude Oil4009 Words   |  17 Pageswas in 1950. Fracking increases every year around the world. We started producing gas in big amounts each year, which will affect our daily basis and is going to lead us to consume a lot of gas and oil each year. However, the fracking method has pros and cons on the worldwide range because it increases the seismic activity by making huge fractures into the rock and that results in faults. Fracking is under a high regulation on some countries whereas it’s been forbidden in others. Due to the low permeabilityRead MoreLotus Rental Car Essay2309 Words   |  10 Pagesof diesel fuel that is produced from vegetable oils. This type of fuel not only produces fewer pollutants than normal diesel fuel, but also be reused and filtered. Natural gas is used in two forms to fuel vehicles: compressed (CNG) or liquefied (LNG). CNG is the type used for passenger vehicles, which can run on CNG alone, or have a bi-fueling system that uses both CNG and gasoline (greenerchoices, 2006). While there are various alternative fuels, access to alternative fuels should be a considerationRead MoreThe Effect Of Unconventional Gas Expansion On Energy Economy3233 Words   |  13 Pagesmore heavily on long-term contracts with price terms based on a mix of competing fuels, e.g., fuel oil. †¢ Asia uses crude oil as a benchmark for natural gas prices and favours long-term contracts. Japan and Korea almost totally dependent on imported LNG. This dependence places a high premium on security of supply and has kept prices in Asia high relative to other regions (Suà ¡rez, 2012). Despite the two different trading methods between gas and oil, historically it has been noticed that the trend inRead MoreLiving in the Environment 16th Edition Chapter Review and Vocabulary6220 Words   |  25 Pagesresource? 5. Discuss two pros and two cons of drilling for oil in Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. 6. What is oil sand or tar sand and how is it extracted and converted to heavy oil? What is shale oil and how is it produced? What are two major advantages and two major disadvantages of using heavy oils produced from oil sand and oil shales as energy resources? 7. What is the difference between natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG)? What are three major Read MoreIndia s Impact On The Economy2530 Words   |  11 PagesIndia is a standout amongst the mossycup oak populous nations on the globe. A nation for example, such that india countenances a considerable measure about issues when it goes of the matter for vitality security, populace need it’s own sets for pros Also cons,. The thing that the planet apprehensions may be a worldwide vitality Chrysis which Might bring divesting comes about on the Different countries Also associations on the reality particularly creating nations for example, india might be effected

The Key to Successful 5th Grade Essay Samples

The Key to Successful 5th Grade Essay Samples 5th Grade Essay Samples - What Is It? Creating good narrative essay topics sounds like it would be somewhat easy, but it isn't as easy as you might think. So it is critical to first decide the topic and begin writing it. If you don't have a well-defined topic to write on, you can't write efficiently. Among the most well-known topics is the way to protect against bullying essay. You have to make sure the similarities or differences are clearly defined. Any examples or support you provide ought to be regarding the topic available. Using 5th Grade Essay Samples When you have decided on your topic and completed your outline, you might want to develop a thesis statement. Just click the image below and you will be taken to a page where you could read more and see an in depth preview of what's included. Click the image below to get to the join page. 10-11 year-old 5th graders are anticipated in order to organize their ideas and structure sentences well. Your target may not be to develop into a transcendent essay-writing master. You will likely have to customize these rubrics to fulfill your aims and standards, but these should provide you a good place to begin. 5th Grade Essay Samples at a Glance School bullying is just one of the fundamental issues in many educational institutions. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching dead line. The students should comprehend the issue. Your students have lots of personal experiences to write about in regards to family. The Tried and True Method for 5th Grade Essay Samples in Step by Step Detail Likewise, it has to be logically complete and express a particular idea. There are things which are the very same and several other things which are really different. If you should share your thoughts on a slice of paper and receive the maximum grade, get in touch with our professional group of writers. It is not convincing evidence because you've got zero idea how it's relevant. The Importance of 5th Grade Essay Samples Students have to be able to share their ideas with proper and efficient word choice and use a wide variety of different sentence structures. They need to have the ability to clearly convey concepts and information in their writing. Upper elementary students will gain from reminders on how best to refer to and cite text evidence. An outline will allow you to organize your principal thoughts and determine the order in which you're likely to write about them. At JumpStart, an individual can discover worksheets specializing in individual topics, giving children the liberty to practice in accordance with their requirements. It's possible to browse all our 730 writing worksheets in thumbnail view, and that means you don't have to wait around for any of them to load to acquire an idea about what they're like. Customize the RTF file to fulfill your particular objectives and requirements. Whatever you must finish your writing and receive a fantastic grade, you can purchase it right here. The fifth grade social studies curriculum comprises numerous lessons, and worksheets and quizzes, organized into various chapters. To get ready for the demands of middle school and higher school writing, fifth graders ought to be mastering skills needed for strong nonfiction writing. Fifth grade students utilize every phase o f the writing procedure and continue to construct their understanding of writing conventions. Because many exams need you to write persuasive essays, it could be a very good concept to begin your practice with one. Don't forget that you would like to capture the experience of taking a genuine essay exam. Many times, students are confused regarding how to structure their essay. The very first paragraph, or introduction, is essential when writing any essay. Sooner or later, you want to get started writing your 5 paragraph essay! The thesis statement is the principal idea of the essay and it expresses what you would like to tell the reader in a couple of sentences. You don't need to start out with a topic sentence, but you are going to have to make certain that you have one somewhere in the paragraph. The Appeal of 5th Grade Essay Samples Attempt to find something unusual to produce your writing more effective. Imagine you're a superhero. It is essential in any sort of writing. You only have to be mindful of how long you must work, and break the writing into small ch unks if you should. Without an introduction, your readers will not have any idea what you're writing about! A biography is an account of an individual's life written by another person. A writer can begin with the hook or rewritten thesis. Becoming an effective writer requires a lifetime. The Ultimate Strategy for 5th Grade Essay Samples It is possible to also find a variety of discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. Also keep an eye on where each bit of information is found so you can readily cite your sources in the event the teacher requires it. When you want an example written by means of a student check out our vast assortment of absolutely free student models.

Applying Knowledge of Special Education Law

Question: Describe about the Least Restrictive Environment, Summary of court cases and their outcomes and Proactive solutions for due process problems for Applying Knowledge of Special Education Law? Answer: Least Restrictive Environment Introduction The Federal government under the 20 U.S.C. 1400 et. Seq. introduced the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in order to design educational facilities for students with mental and physical disabilities. IDEA provides financial assistance to the state and the local educational institutions for providing free and proper public education (FAPE) to the thousands of disabled children (Flores, 2001). The process of IDEA is based on six major principles namely Individualized Education Program (IEP), Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE), Least Restrictive Environment (LRE), Measurable goals and appropriate evaluation, Zero reject and procedural safeguards. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act 1973 was the first act to be introduced to prohibit discrimination against the disabled people and this act combined with IDEA provides financial assistance and protective guidelines against exclusion of disabled children from their educational facilities, unequal treatments at school, jobs and in the community. The IDEA act was passed in the year 1975 keeping in view of the civil rights of around 4 million disabled children in United States (O'Laughlin, n.d.). The major advantage that the IDEA provides is to arrange free and appropriate education for the disabled children in a least restrictive environment similar to the normal environment provided to the normal students. The assignment here is based on the procedural assessment of the mainstream policy of the IDEA Least Restrictive Environment (Flores, 2001). This policy adopted by IDEA provides that the educational institutes should educate the disabled children in regular classroom scenarios along with normal children. The IDEA generated this principle to strengthen the mental condition of the disabled children and make them connected to the society to the maximum possible extent. Summary of court cases and their outcomes The issue relating to availing the provision for LRE gave rise to a number of court cases in various countries. Following are the summaries of some of the notable cases and their outcomes. Roncker v. Walter, 700 F2d. 1058 (6th Circuit Court 1993) (Rockner v. Walter, 1983) Summary of the case This case dealt with a nine-year-old male child who suffered from severe mental retardation and seizures. Constant monitoring of the child was required so that he may not harm himself as well as others. However, when the child was put in a non-restrictive normal school environment he was able to communicate socially with the non-disabled students. However, the Cincinnati School District suggested that segregated educational programs would be more effective for Roncker. The parents of the child availing the IDEA demanded regular classroom facility and LRE for their child and appealed to the court to make some changes to fit the childs needs. Outcomes To determine the case the court established several concepts namely the definition of a segregated program, Advantages of segregated program over the mainstream programming and the extent of modification that can be provided in a regular school environment. Finally, the court passes the verdict in favor of the child and his parents by establishing a principle of Portability. The principle of Portability stated that the placement of the child would depend upon the IEP of the child. As per PL 94-142 of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act 1975 the court stated that some desirable services would be accommodated within the integrated school setting without hampering the normal setting procedures in order to provide a least restrictive environment for the child. This case passed a resolution of principle of portability which restricted the district schools from making placement decisions based on disability issues of the child rather than availing the IEP and the federal laws. Oberti vs Board of Education of the Borough of Clementon School District 3rd Circuit Court 1993(Oberti vs Board of Education of the Borough of Clementon School District, 1993) Summary of the case This case focused on the placement issue of an 8-year-old boy Rafael Oberti who suffered from the Down syndrome. On evaluation of his mental condition, the placement team suggested to place him in a special education school that was far from his district. The parents of the child was not satisfied with the settings of the special school hence the placement team in the second session suggested to put the child in a local school in the morning and a special education class in the afternoon. Although the child showed slow progress however he encountered behavioral difficulties and negative behaviors from the teachers. In the third setting, the placement team decided to place Rafael in segregated school facility for the mentally retarded children. However the parents of the child protested to the decision and demanded for regular settings for the child under the LRE principle of IDEA. Outcome The court ruled in support of the child and his parents stating that the educational institutes must consider the supplementary aids and services that can be given to the disabled child before segregating the child into special classrooms. The district court ordered the placement of the child in s special education class however the Federal court ruled the decision of the district court and ordered that as per the norms of the IDEA all districts schools should judge the maximum extent appropriate service that they can accommodate in the normal settings. The inclusion of the maximum extent appropriate efforts includes the child attending normal programs along with the non-disabled students like music, art, lunch activities and indoor activities. However, the Federal court proved that the district court had not successfully engaged Rafael into appropriate regular classroom benefits rather the child in the morning session was made to observe the behavior of the non-disabled students tha t did not involve the child interacting with the non-disabled peers socially. Hence, the court dismissed the decision of the district court. Moreover, the IEP experts opined that Rafael would be better in a regular classroom atmosphere and hence the school districts appeal was rejected. The final verdict of the Federal court stated that Rafael would be provided special education under the principles of least restrictive environment by accommodating certain required changes within the integrated school settings. Sacramento City Unified School District vs. Holland (9th Circuit Court, 1994) (Sacramento City Unified Sch. Dist. V. Rachel H, 1994) Summary of the case The facts of the case were that the daughter was placed in one special education classroom for one half-time and other half-time in a regular classroom by the district court. The district court had stated that when the school district place students with any disability then the probable presumption is the mainstream. In this case, the parents challenged the decision of the district court and they insisted on placing their daughter in a regular full-time classroom. The daughter in question was a person with mental retardation and when test was conducted on her I.Q. level was 44. The decision of the court was that Rachel was severely disabled for receiving any benefits for any full-time placement in any regular class. The 9th Circuit Court based its judgment on the four part test of balancing in order to decide whether the school was fulfilling the principles of IDEA. These four criteria are the benefit of education in order to place the child in the full time and regular education pro gram, the benefits of the non-academic benefits of the placements, the effects on the child with regard to the behavior of the teacher and the other fellow students in any regular classroom, (in this regard the court noted the social as well as the communication skills along with her self confidence in any regular class) and the costs of the aids given as supplements and other services that is associated with the placements. Outcomes The outcome of the case was that the court held that the only element that can negatively affect the available services for the other children. During the Clinton administration, the Office of Special Education Programs had filed a brief on "friend of the court" with the Court of Appeals supporting the placement of the child in the general education department. Daniel R.R. v State Board of Education , 874 F.2d 1036 (5th Circuit Court 1989) Summary of the case The fact of the case was that a handicapped boy and the parents urged that the local school had failed to comply in accordance with the Education of the Handicapped Act. They stated that when the school district refused to place the child in any classroom that is for the non handicapped students it is a violation of the act. On this issue the district court disagreed and after a proper review of the work, even the higher court affirmed this decision of the court. The court stated that the regular education placement would be correct for any child having any disability when they obtain suitable education even when such education is not the paramount academic education given to the child. In this regard the benefits that are non-academic may be considered. The Court further stated that for mainstreaming academic achievement is not the only objective. When any handicapped child is integrated into any other non - handicapped environment it will be advantageous for all even when the child cannot achieve the require results academically. In order to determine whether the actions of the district court were according to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), the Circuit Court carried out the two-pronged test. The primary questions that were to be answered were basically whether education in any regular classroom done using the supplemental aids and services would be adequate and whether the school had conventionalized the child to th e proper degree. In this regard the intention of the school for providing special education or whether the school intends to take out the child from the regular education should be kept in mind. With this regard the Court has assumed a number of factors that would help in all the stages of inquiry. However it must be remembered that all the factors cannot be considered in all cases and neither can one single factor be applicable in all the cases. Hence the analysis of the court needs to be more individualized and more fact specific that would help the court in analyzing the nature and severity of the handicapped condition of the child along with his capabilities and requirements and the response of the school for the needs of the child. Greer vs. Rome City School District (11th Circuit Court, 1992) (Greer vs. Rome City School District, 1992) Summary of the case The fact of the case was that the father of Christy Greer had initiated this case under the Education for All Handicapped Children's Act of 1975. 20 U.S.C. under sections 1400-1484 and under section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. His daughter was a nine year old child who was suffering from the Downs syndrome. Under the said act this condition was considered as a handicap. The main issue in this case was whether the provisions of the Education for All Handicapped Children's Act was followed when the Rome City School District as well as the Rome City Board of Education took the decision that the student be placed in the special education class which was primarily made for the students who had similar conditions that were as the same as the child (Norlin, 2010). The child was then attending a traditional kindergarten class that was present in her neighborhood. The place where her parents were insisting to admit their child was another elementary school that was different from t he kindergarten school. The plaintiffs challenged the decision taken to place the child Christy in a separate special education class. This challenge was primarily made in order to attack the decision making process of the School system and to determine whether the proposed placement was legal. The main driving force in the case was whether the child receives the "free appropriate public education" that she was supposed to receive in accordance with the Education for All Handicapped Children's Act of 1975 given under the section 1401(a)(18). In accordance to the Act, the child has the right to public education that has been specially figured according to her special needs (Norlin, 2010). This goal can be achieved by developing and implementing the educational program of the individual. Outcomes In this case, the court had held that prior to the school district considering whether a disabled child would be educated beyond the standard classroom methods, the school should primarily consider whether there are supplementary aids and services that would be available to the child in the standard classrooms and they would receive the satisfactory education. The parents stated that it was the school that determined that due to the severe impairment of the child it would be justified to put the child in a self contained classroom where special education was provided. The court in this regard argued that the expenses that would be required in the classroom would be extremely high (O'Laughlin, n.d.). The decision of the court was in support of the parents and it stated that the school did not make any efforts to change the kindergarten programs so that the child could be accommodated in the ordinary classroom. The court further stated that it was not possible for the district to serve the child since it would be of additional cost to them. The court stated that the officials in the school should in future share the placement issues with the parents of the child during the IEP meeting before any final decision regarding placement is made. Procedural due process issues The Congress had enacted the Education for All Handicapped Children's Act in the year 1975. In this act they had included an entire system with regard to the procedural safeguards which was specially made for the protection of the rights of the children having disabilities and also their parents. After a number of reauthorizations this law later came to be known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. This act had maintained the standards and also new safeguards were added (O'Laughlin, n.d.). With regard to the procedural safeguards there are a number of issues that generally as to the service of notice for the relevant information to the parents, proper examination of the educational records and obtaining of educational evaluation for the child. In this regard the law states that proper examination of the records is to be done and a self-determining educational assessment of the child. Every parent has the right to a written notice when the school decides to modify or make changes with regard to the identification or placement or evaluation of the child. There are a number of methods to resolve the disputes. These include the process of mediation, a session for resolution and also hearings for due process. These procedural safeguards are generally legally binding and are printed mediation agreements with the clauses of confidentiality. One very controversial factor with regard to the least restrictive environment is the cost required for determining the LRE with regard to whether the application is appropriate or not and what proper test is required to be applied in this case. A number of courts laid stress on the factor of cost and further state that this factor is not adequately strong for determining the LRE of the child. In the case of Rockner (Rockner v. Walter, 1983), the court had acknowledged the financial burden which the mainstreaming of the child may impose on the school. On the other hand the Fifth Circuit did not mention about the cost previously but in subsequent applications this factor was relevant. Also, in the case of Rachel H (Sacramento City Unified Sch. Dist. V. Rachel H, 1994) the Ninth Circuit considered the cost factor and most people do feel that the cost should be an important factor in LRE for the children with special needs. Another relevant procedural issue was that appropriate placement for the preschoolers. This act states that the children with any special needs should be entitled to individualized education that is appropriate for the needs in accordance with the least restrictive environment. Nonetheless, in case of preschoolers there is an additional challenge since in most cases the public schools do not allow preschoolers with special needs. Hence special education with regard to the preschoolers and their attempt to get them general education is tough. Proactive solutions for due process problems There are a number of provisions in the act that are necessary for ensuring that the procedural due process is working smoothly. For instance section 615 (d) of the act states that the parents need to be given a copy of the procedural safeguards whenever there is any initial reference for any evaluation of notification or registration of any complaints. This would make the parents aware of the required changes. This act lays more emphasis on the proactive approach to those behaviors which tend to interfere in the learning for those children having disabilities whose behavior creates obstruction for their learning and others too. The team of IEP addresses the IEP of the child and uses positive behavioral intervention and such strategies in order to address the behavior. This has been given under the section 614(d)(3)(B)(i) of the Act. Primarily there are three main points which the school personnel is required to remember while they discuss the procedural safeguards. Firstly, the righ ts of the parents and the children need to be protected. Secondly, ensure that proper information has been provided and finally the process for resolving the disputes needs to be reviewed. Conclusion This legislation has initially helped to improve the level of education for the students with disabilities to a great extent. Nevertheless, it must be noted that no part of the legislation determines the least restrictive setting and the proper level for including the children in the general education classroom. Since this lack of authority is present there are a number of issues that is present in order to determine the least restrictive environment for the students with special education. Had there been Supreme Court rulings on this issue there would have been more clarity. References Crockett, J., Kauffman, J. (2013).The Least Restrictive Environment. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Daniel R.R. v State Board of Education, 874 F.2d 1036 (5th Circuit Court 1989). Flores, N. (2001).The implementation of the least restrictive environment provision of the individuals with disabilities education act (IDEA) for secondary students with learning disabilities on Guam. Greer vs. Rome City School District (11th Circuit Court 1992). Norlin, J. (2010).Educating students with autism in the LRE. Horsham, Pa.: LRP Publications. Oberti vs Board of Education of the Borough of Clementon School District (3rd Circuit Court 1993). O'Laughlin, L.The least restrictive environment clause of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and institutional ableism. Rockner v. Walter, 700 F.2d 1058, 1063 (1983). Sacramento City Unified Sch. Dist. V. Rachel H, 14 F.3d 1398 (1994).

Motorcycles and Sweetgrass by Drew Hayden Taylor Essay Example

Motorcycles and Sweetgrass by Drew Hayden Taylor Essay In the novel Motorcycles and Sweetgrass, author Drew Hayden Taylor is concerned with aboriginal community politics, identity, mythology, and intergenerational legacies. It is written in an adventurous perspective on aboriginal life and traditions. The characters respond to change and they embrace it. this is shown by examining the actions/ roles of the characters in the novel such as Maggie, Wayne and Sammy considering the purpose of this book is to connect the experience of aboriginal life through the characters from Motorcycles and sweetgrass. Sammy Aandeg is an individual of many residential school survivors who refuses change but somehow finds ways to adapt gradually to the new lifestyle in Otter Lake reserve. Back in residential school change was forced upon Sammy from the different hairstyle to a different believe in cultural values. His will to stay true to himself lead him to rebellious actions while his stay at residential school,when he arrived hed bitten a nun attempting to shave his head. That was seven years ago, and time and repeated punishments had not managed to subdue him.(Taylor 11). He has strong will to resist the regular beatings and abuse done to him by the priest and nuns for continuously clinging onto his true identity and refusing to give up his language. This connects back to aboriginals and their will to resist in order to continue their traditions and teachings of their culture passed down to the younger generations. Although Sammy resists change, he still makes effort to adapt in the new lifesty le, he speaks in iambic pentameter which is Shakespeare and Anishnawbe combined,he speaks iambic pentameter. Only in Anishnawbe. Same structure, weak, strong, weak strong. Ten syllables. All the usual rules.(Taylor 170). Shakespearean is the only thing that Sammy tolerated during his time in residential school, therefore his use of iambic pentameter in anishnawbe is giving him the satisfaction of winning afte We will write a custom essay sample on Motorcycles and Sweetgrass by Drew Hayden Taylor specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Motorcycles and Sweetgrass by Drew Hayden Taylor specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Motorcycles and Sweetgrass by Drew Hayden Taylor specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer